: How exactly did Heuer make watches for other watch companies when
: Heuer did NOT make their own watch parts at all?
: Answer: THEY DIDN"T, Heuer had other companies make every
: single part for them that went into their own watches. Mind
: Blown...face palm.

... watchmaking industry worked in the period, and very far from being a mind-blowing or face-palming moment.

While many watch houses did start out making pocket watches with nearly everything done in house, a cottage industry of specialist suppliers soon grew up to support them. And why would you shell out on a dial press when a Singer, for example, could do it for you at greater volume, lower cost and better quality? Even now, when more is done in house, suppliers like Artecad still make a living.

And this is by no means unique to Heuer. It's how the majority of the industry worked in Switzerland - vertically-integrated operations along the lines of Seiko were very rare on Swiss soil.

It's not really very different from the car industry either. Does anyone think less of a Ferrari for using Weber carbs or Magneti Marelli parts?

The art, the design, was in selecting the better parts, the parts that fit best together. And it seems some parties liked the way Heuer did that, and wanted to get their names on the dials too. It's not always the cheap stuff either - Autavias, Carreras and Monacos are amongst the models white labelled like this.

With references and serials intact, as if they were a Heuer. You can make it a semantic argument - did Heuer make all the parts? No. No one party did. Ok, it was a collaboration. But the controlling, selecting and finally assembling party was Heuer. Did Dugena select the same parts across the board, the same numbering schemas and assemble their "Autavia" separately from Heuer? Occam's razor has been mentioned on the forum before and that surely favours the Heuer connection, as confirmed by Heuer's then president.

And, honestly, that's all the energy I am prepared to expend on this topic. Come back cogently and I may discuss, trot out the same spiel again and I'm done.